The global mining industry occupies a central and evolving role in the contemporary world economy, serving as the essential supply source for materials that fuel modern societies—construction aggregates, metals for infrastructure, and minerals integral to clean energy technologies. The mining sector underpins critical industries ranging from steel and cement manufacturing to advanced technologies and electrification efforts.

Global production has expanded markedly in recent decades, mirroring urbanisation, population growth, and increased demand for minerals. In 2021, global mining output was approximately 17.9 billion tonnes—more than twice the volume recorded in 1985. Bulk commodities such as coal and iron ore dominate the landscape, with coal alone accounting for roughly 40% of mined tonnage in 2023, primarily supporting energy and steel production.

Iron ore remains the second most-produced material, with over two billion tonnes mined annually, driven by robust steel demand in Asia. Meanwhile, phosphate rock— critical for fertilizer production—exhibited explosive growth, tripling in output between 2021 and 2022 as global agricultural demand rose.

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